- Written by Cia McAlarney
Literature was born not the day when
a boy crying wolf, wolf came running out of the Neanderthal valley with
a big gray wolf at his heels. Literature was born on the day when a boy
came crying wolf, wolf and there was no wolf behind him. . . Between
the wolf in the tall grass and the wolf in the tall story there is a
shimmering go-between. That go-between, that prism, is literature.”
Vladimir Nabokov
Wolves are much maligned animals.
Throughout history, especially during periods when humans lived in
closer proximity to nature, wolves were the object of fear. Language
alone carries traces of this phenomena: we speak of the wolves and the
sheep, the wolf at the door, being thrown to the wolves, being in the
company of wolves, etc. Fairy tales bring us Little Red Riding Hood’s
grandmother impersonating wolves, the Three Little Pigs’ attempt to
evade a wolf, along with Count Dracula’s “children of the night.” All of
it is metaphor replete with the suggestion of otherness, menace and
predation. The wolf in western culture has long been the avatar of evil.
Wolves are a representation of all those things that lurk at the edges
of the dark: the fears that stories and firelight keep at bay.
Wolves are also an object of dark
fascination, perhaps because of their obvious evolutionary connection to
dogs, an animal whose image pervades culture as an exemplar of
faithfulness, companionship and domesticity: ironically the polar
opposite of our perception of wolves. Yet we speak of being raised by
wolves, lone wolves and running with the wolves: positive images that
implicitly celebrate the wolf’s independence, social nature and
construction of family units. We also revel in the ways that wolves
communicate with each other across vast distances, in their lyrically
creepy call and response in the night.
This rich blend of competing cultural
constructions, along with factors that impinge on other animal
populations such as habitat destruction has sadly impacted the ecology
of wolves. Overall there has been a worldwide decline in wolf
populations, and some species have been decimated. Education is an
important part of recovering disappearing breeds but so are programs
that support wild populations by breeding animals and reintroducing them
to the wild. One such program is at the Wolf Conservation Center in
nearby South Salem, NY. It was when we heard that the WCC was offering
an overnight, “Sleep with the Wolves” program that we knew we couldn’t
resist.
Our evening began with a presentation in
a small wooden building at the edge of the compound. Alex, one of the
center’s wolf specialists, explained the mission of the center. Along
the way he related the biography of the center’s “ambassador wolves,”
wolves that are kept to provide education programs and won’t be
reintroduced to the wild, and introduced us to the live “wolf cam” feed
from one of the dens. After talking about the decline of wolf
populations worldwide, Alex taught us to distinguish between the long
mournful call of a gray wolf, and the higher modulating almost barking
call of the red wolves. Later, as we stood on the path to the wolf
compound, Alex encouraged us to howl to the wolves ourselves, “so they
will know you’re coming,” he said. Shyly at first, and then with
increasing enthusiasm, the two dozen of us threw back our heads and
howled at the sky. “Don’t bark,” Alex warned, “a bark is a warning cry
to a wolf.” Within moments we heard the surreal sound of actual wolves
calling back down to us from the top of the path.
The gray wolf sibling ambassadors,
Zephr, Alawa, Nikai, are kept in a two-acre enclosure together
surrounded by a ten foot high chain link fence. Though these wolves are
more domesticated than some of their peers, who roam another enclosure
out of sight behind the ambassadors, we are reminded that they are none
the less wild. We are told, for example to not put our hands on the
fence. All of the wolves respond to Alex’ presence, pacing along the
fence line and vaulting in the air to catch raw chicken that he throws
over the fence. Later we are led to a second enclosure where we see
Atka, an artic wolf, also eagerly awaiting Alex. Atka, is the proverbial
lone wolf who can’t tolerate inclusion in the gray wolf compound. Our
final stop is the red wolf pen, where we can see a true wolf pack: two
parents and a number of small pups lingering by their den. Sadly, we are
told that one of the red wolf pups has passed away earlier in the
afternoon.
The evening continues with pizza by the
wolf pen, and an outdoor movie that we watch along with the wolves from
metal bleachers. Later there is a campfire and smores, and access to the
pens is left open for several hours after full dark. A number of the
kids linger by the pens, trying to catch a glimpse of the wolves in the
dark with flashlights.
It is fascinating to see the wolves up
close, to learn about wolf biology and to sleep in close proximity to
such a marvelous ancient creature. There were two moments however that
made the whole experience especially worthwhile. The first was early on
in the evening as the wolves began a solid five minutes of calling to
each other in one long rising symphony of voices. It was elegant, eerie
and wonderful: an elegy to the setting sun, their bond with each other
and the coming of night. The second came as we were sleeping in our
tents at perhaps 2 AM. From the nearby red wolf den came the sound of
the wolves fighting with each other in one extended bout of snarling,
growling, barking and howling. From the comfort of my sleeping bag, warm
and dry and safe in my tent, it was a mysterious and wonderful sound,
rich with the tingle of danger, and the potential of story.
About the Wolf Conservation Center
The WCC also participates in the Species
Survival Plan (SSP) and Recovery Plan for two critically endangered
wolf species, the Mexican gray wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) and the red
wolf (Canis rufus). The Mexican gray wolf and the red wolf are among the
rarest mammals in North America, both species at one time were
completely extinct in the wild. Presently there are approximately 400
Mexican gray wolves and 300 red wolves remaining in the world, the
majority living within the network of facilities like the WCC
participating in the SSP.
To hear the sound of a red wolf howling, click here.
To hear the sound of a gray wolf howling, click here.
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